• The anorexic effect observed when AR is infused into

  2025-02-20

  

  The anorexic effect observed when AR231630 is infused into the VTA could be the result of the DA release inhibition, as previously described [11]. However, there is also a hedonic aspect in feeding that possibly involves dopaminergic mechanisms of reward. Helm et al. showed a functional link between

• Since the cloning of ARs

  2025-02-20

  

  Since the cloning of ARs in the beginning of the 1990s, the efforts to characterize them have led to the accumulation of a substantial amount of experimental data. Decades of site-directed mutagenesis (SDM; Box 1) studies, in combination with pharmacological data and computational modeling, have pav

• br Expression of ADK in the normal brain

  2025-02-20

  

  Expression of ADK in the normal brain In adult brain, ADK is primarily expressed in astrocytes. Immunocytochemical analysis of adult rat and mouse Concanavalin A glycan binding revealed predominant astrocytic expression throughout the hippocampus and cortex. Two isoforms of ADK have been identif

• The assay performance was estimated

  2025-02-20

  

  The assay performance was estimated using Z′-factors (plotted in Fig. 2A) according to Zhang et al. calculated for each plate comparing positive (in the absence of an inhibitor) and negative controls (in the presence of an AdK inhibitor). The mean Z′-factor±SD was determined to be 0.7±0.1, indicativ

• br Conclusion br Conflicts of Interest

  2025-02-20

  

  Conclusion Conflicts of Interest/Disclosures Acknowledgement This study was funded by the Ministry of Science of the Republic of Serbia (grant #175083). Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an antibody-mediated, neuromuscular transmission disorder, where the targets are postsynaptic p

• br Experimental section br Results and discussion br Conclus

  2025-02-20

  

  Experimental section Results and discussion Conclusion In the present study, 3a,8a-dihydroxy-8-oxo-1,3,3a,8a-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-d]imidazol-2(1H)-iminium chloride (3) has been synthesized and characterized by spectral studies and single crystal X-ray crystallography. DFT calculations have

• In fact serotonin is a

  2025-02-20

  

  In fact, serotonin is a major modulator of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal activity through the 5-HT2C receptor. Studies have shown that the selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist Ro60-0175 blocks the burst-firing of mesolimbic DA neurons, which project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus acc

• For the TSH receptor signaling at the Golgi

  2025-02-20

  

  For the TSH receptor, signaling at the Golgi/trans-Golgi network appears required for both rapid effects of TSH − such as 5-Methyl-UTP depolymerization, which is implicated in thyroglobulin reuptake and, thus, thyroid hormone release − and late ones, such as those on gene transcription. Continued s

• Plant defensins are cysteine rich cationic peptides of kDa

  2025-02-19

  

  Plant defensins are cysteine-rich cationic peptides of 5–8 kDa whose mature domain comprises 45 to 54 amino Depression treatment residues, with an isoelectric point around 9. The global fold of plant defensins consists of a cysteine-stabilized motif (CSα/β) made up of an α-helix and a triple-strand

• br Under normal physiological conditions the agonist binds

  2025-02-19

  

  Under normal physiological conditions, the agonist binds to AT1R on the surface of the plasma membrane and activates the receptor, mediating downstream signaling. Then, activated AT1R is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) [13] or G protein coupled receptor kinases (GPKs, such as GRK2 [13], G

• Under some pathological conditions AT R

  2025-02-19

  

  Under some pathological conditions, AT1R internalization is decreased when agonist exposure is prolonged. This weakens or removes the AT1R desensitization effect and leads to AT1R and downstream signal overactivation. AT1R overactivation can result in continued biological effects such as sustained v

• inositol phosphatase To elucidate this relationship we devel

  2025-02-19

  

  To elucidate this relationship, we developed a spatial model of Ca-influx through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), CaMKII/PP1 activation, and AMPAR insertion in a realistic spine geometry. Using this model, we show that i) variables in membrane voltage mediated Ca-influx, particularly the numb

• br The role of LOX plays in autophagy Autophagy

  2025-02-19

  

  The role of 12/15-LOX plays in autophagy Autophagy is a process by which cellular material is delivered to lysosomal to degrade the damaged organelles and proteins to facilitate nutrient recycling (Towers and Thorburn, 2016). There has been characterized three types of autophagy-macroautophagy, m

• In AD and possibly other forms

  2025-02-19

  

  In AD, and possibly other forms of dementia, it has been suggested that tau mislocalization to dendritic spines anticipates neurodegeneration [48]. Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in dendritic spies would cause a derangement of synaptic function, thereby impairing excitatory synaptic transmi

• br Introduction Psychostimulant abuse and addiction remain a

  2025-02-19

  

  Introduction Psychostimulant abuse and addiction remain a societal problem in the United States. The latest statistics from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health indicate that slightly less than one million people over the age of 12 report having a cocaine use disorder (NSDUH, 2016). Additio

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